Definition: Acetonemia is a condition characterized by an increased blood concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body, typically due to a decrease in systemic CO2 levels. The cause of acetonemia can be either congenital or acquired, though most cases are associated with liver disease. The presence of carbon dioxide can be caused by various reasons such as cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatic failure, and chronic alcoholism. Acetonemia is usually detected using a blood glucose test. It results in a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and can be classified into two types: non-acidemic (nAC) and acidemic (aAC). Non-acidemic acetonemia can occur due to factors such as metabolic alkalosis, hypophosphatemia, or hypochlorhydria. In contrast, acidemic acetonemia is seen in patients with cirrhosis and the liver disease of alcoholism. Acetic acid levels are calculated by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide left behind in the blood after the initial carbon dioxide concentration has been reduced. The result is an index of the patient's metabolic alkalosis or hypophosphatemia level, which can be used to diagnose the cause of acetonemia. The diagnosis of acetonemia requires a detailed evaluation of the patient's clinical history, laboratory tests, and other medical history. A detailed diagnosis involves obtaining blood samples, performing a full blood count (CBC) including serum, hemoglobin, white cell count, platelet counts, red cells, and electrolytes, which can help in determining whether the cause is liver disease or other conditions. Acetonemia is not a serious condition itself but it requires immediate medical attention if symptoms are severe. Treatment includes adjusting blood sugar levels by means such as insulin or oral medication (e.g., loperamide), improving renal function through dialysis, and monitoring for signs of acidosis to ensure adequate fluid intake.

acetonemia