Definition: Free radicals are a class of molecules that have been shown to play important roles in various physiological processes, including cell signaling, metabolism, and immune function. These free radicals, which can be either single atoms (e.g., hydrogen ions) or groups of atoms, are formed through reactions between electrons and other molecular components.
In the body, free radicals can be produced naturally when cells undergo oxidative stress due to damage from external factors such as chemicals or toxins. Alternatively, they can also occur in response to the body's internal balance of protons (positive charges) and electrons (negative charges), leading to ionizing reactions that cause cell damage.
The precise effect of free radicals on the body is complex, but it is generally believed to have various effects depending on its presence or concentration. Here are some key points:
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Cell signaling
: Free radicals can activate specific receptors in cells to initiate signals and processes related to metabolism and cellular growth.
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Immunological function
: Free radicals can act as oxidants that damage the immune system, leading to inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
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Metabolic control
: Free radicals are involved in metabolic pathways critical for energy production and breakdown. They play a role in the body's energy stores.
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Cell repair
: While free radicals can also be used to initiate cellular stress responses or repair damage, they can also contribute to cell death during these processes.
Understanding how free radicals affect the body is essential for understanding diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and various metabolic disorders. It is important to note that long-term exposure to high concentrations of free radicals can have negative effects on human health if not managed properly.
The precise definition varies by field, but generally, it involves a combination of molecular changes leading to the release of free radicals that can lead to damage or change in cell function and overall health.
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